October+Objectives

Structure & Function Ch5 Karen Neary The Integumentary System Ms. Collins PNWHBOCES

1) //Define Key Terms on page 72. 2) //Name and describe the layers of the skin.// Two Layers: 1. **Epidermis**: The outermost portion of the skin; Composed entirely of epithelial cells and contains no blood vessels. Subdivided into thin layers called strata. _Stratum basale/Stratum germinativum Þ Constantly dividing and producing daughter cells, which are then pushed upward toward the surface of the skin. _Keratin is formed when the epidermal cells die. This protein serves to thicken and protect the skin. _Stratum corneum forms the uppermost layer of the epidermis. This is a protective layer. _Melanin is produced in the deepest layer of the epidermis. ^A dark pigment that colors the skin and protects it from the harmful rays of sunlight. Melanocytes are the cells that produce this pigment. 2. **Dermis**: True skin; framework of connective tissue. Contains: many blood vessels nerve endings sweat glands oil glands hair dermal papillae
 * */**// **Arrector Pili:** Muscle attached to a hair follicle that raises the hair.
 * // */// Dermis:** True skin; deeper part of the skin.
 * // */// Epidermis:** Outermost layer of the skin.
 * // */// Integument:** Skin.
 * // */// Keratin:** Protein that thickens and protects the skin; makes up hair and nails.
 * // */// Melanin:** Dark pigment found in skin, hair, parts of the eye, and certain parts of the brain.
 * // */// Sebaceous:** Producing oil; referring to the oil glands.
 * // */// Sebum:** Oily secretion that lubricates the skin.
 * // */// Stratum:** A layer.
 * // */// Subcutaneous:** Under the skin.
 * // */// Sudoriferous:** Producing sweat; referring to the sweat glands.

3) //Describe the subcutaneous tissue. //AKA Hypodermis/Superficial fascia. Connects the skin to the surface muscles. Consists of loose connective tissue and large amounts of adipose tissue. The fat serves as insulation ¿ ¿   and as a reserve supply for energy. This tissue if rich in nerves, nerve endings, and blood vessels.

4) //Give the location and function of the accessory structure of the skin//. Ö **Sebaceous (Oil) Glands **: The ducts of these glands open into the hair follicles. -Sebum -Vernix caseosa -Eye lubrication  Ö **Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands **: Located in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. -Eccrine type sweat glands -Aprocrine sweat glands -Ceruminous glands -Mammary glands Ö **Hair **: Composed mainly of keratin and isn’t living. -Hair follicles -Melamocytes -Arrector pili Ö **Nails **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">: Made of keratin produced by cells that originate in the outer layer of the epidermis. -Nail root -Nail plate -Nail bed -Lunula -Cuticle

5) //List the main functions of the skin.// <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Symbol;">W <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> Protection against infection. +Intact skin forms a primary barrier against invasion.  <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Symbol;">W <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> Protection against dehydration. +Skin prevents water loss by evaporation. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Symbol;">W <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> Regulation of body temperature. +Loss of excess heat and protection from cold are important functions of the skin. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Symbol;">W <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> Collection of sensory information. +Skin has many nerve endings and other special receptors. <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">

6) //Discuss the factors that contribute to the skin color.// <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Symbol;">§ <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> Amount of pigment in the epidermis.  <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Symbol;">§ <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> Quantity of blood circulating in the surface blood vessels.  <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Symbol;">§ <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> Composition of the circulating blood, including: <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Symbol;">ª <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> Quantity of oxygen. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Symbol;">ª <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> Concentration of hemoglobin. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Symbol;">ª <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> Presence of bile, silver compounds, or other chemicals. <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">

<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Structure & Function Ch6 Karen Neary The Skeleton: Bones and Joints Ms. Collins PNWHBOCES

1) //Define Key Terms on page 84. //**&*Amphiarthrosis:** Slightly movable joint. **&*Bursa:** Small, fluid-filled sac found in an area subject to stress around bones and joints. **&*Cirumduction:** Circular movement at a joint. **&*Diaphysis:** Shaft of a long bone. **&*Diarthrosis:** Freely movable joint; synovial joint. **&*Endosteum:** Thin membrane that lines the marrow cavity of a bone. **&*Fontanel:** Area in the infant skull where bone formation has not yet occurred; soft spot. **&*Joint:** Area of junction between two or more bones; articulation. **&*Osteoblast:** Bone-forming cell. **&*Osteoclast:** Cell that breaks down bone. **&*Osteocyte:** Mature bone cell; maintains bone but does not produce new bone tissue. **&*Osteon:** Subunit of compact bone, consisting of concentric rings of bone tissue around a central channel; haversian system. **&*Periosteum:** Connective tissue membrane covering a bone. **&*Resoprtion:** Loss of substance, such as that of a bone or tooth. **&*Skeleton:** The complete bony framework of the body. **&*Synarthrosis:** Immovable joint. **&*Synovial:** Pertaining to a thick lubricating fluid found in joints, bursae, and tendon sheaths; pertaining to a freely movable (diarthrotic) joint.

2) //List the function of bones. // <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Symbol;">Ä <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">To serve as a firm framework for the entire body. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Symbol;">Ä <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> To protect such delicate structures as the brain and the spinal cord.  <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Symbol;">Ä <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> To serve as levers, working with attached muscles to produce movement. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Symbol;">Ä <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> To serve as a storehouse for calcium salts, which may be resorbed into the blood if there is not enough calcium in the diet. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Symbol;">Ä <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> To produce blood cells (in the red marrow). 3) //Describe the structure of a long bone. //This is the type of bone that makes almost the entire skeleton of the arms and legs. The long narrow shaft of this type of bone is called the diaphysis. At the center of the diaphysis is a medullary cavity, which contains bone marrow. The long bone also has two irregular ends. 1. a proximal. 2. a distal epiphysis.

4) //Differentiate between compact bone and spongy bone with respect to structure and function//. **Compact bone** is hard and dense. This makes up the main shaft of a long bone and the outer layer of other bones. **Spongy bone** is made of meshwork of small, bony plates filled with red marrow. Spongy bone is found at the epiphyses of the long bones and at the center of other bones.

5) //Differentiate between red and yellow marrow with respect to function and location. // **Red** **marrow** is found at the ends of the long bones and at the center of other bones. Red bone marrow manufactures blood cells. **Yellow** **marrow** is found chiefly in the central cavities of the long bones. Yellow bone marrow is composed largely of fat.

6) //Name the 3 different types of cells in bone and describe the function of each. //1. **Osteoblasts**: Bone-forming cell. 2. **Osteocytes**: Mature bone cell; maintains bone but does not produce new bone tissue. 3. **Osteoclasts**: Cell that breaks down bone.

7) //Explain how long a bone grows.// During the second and third months of embryonic life, the conversion of cartilage to bone occurs. This process is called ossification. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Symbol;">¿ ¿ <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> Bone-building called (osteoblasts) become active. First, they begin to manufacture the matrix. Once this intercellular material has hardened, the cells remain enclosed within the lacunae in the matrix.

8) //Explain the purpose of the infant fontanels. // The skulls of the infant had areas in which the bone formation is incomplete, leaving so-called soft spots. These flexible regions allow the skull to compress and change shape during the birth process. They allow rapid growth of the brain during infancy.

9) //List the bones of the axial skeleton. `//consists of 80 bones. `includes the bony framework of the head and the trunk. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Symbol;">D <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> Cranium  <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Symbol;">D <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> Mandible  <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Symbol;">D <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> Sternum <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Symbol;">D <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> Ribs <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Symbol;">D <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> Costal cartilage <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Symbol;">D <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> Vertebral column <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Symbol;">D <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> Sacrum

10) // List the bones in the appendicular skeleton.// `consists of 126 bones. `forms the framework for the extremities and for the shoulders and hips. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Symbol;">Ñ <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> Clavicle  <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Symbol;">Ñ <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> Scapula  <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Symbol;">Ñ <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> Humerus <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Symbol;">Ñ <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> Radius <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Symbol;">Ñ <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> Ulna <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Symbol;">Ñ <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> Carpals <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Symbol;">Ñ <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> Metacarpals <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Symbol;">Ñ <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> Phalanges <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Symbol;">Ñ <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> Ilium (of pelvis) <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Symbol;">Ñ <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> Pelvis <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Symbol;">Ñ <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> Femur <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Symbol;">Ñ <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> Patella <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Symbol;">Ñ <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> Fibula <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Symbol;">Ñ <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> Tibia <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Symbol;">Ñ <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> Tarsals <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Symbol;">Ñ <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> Metatarsals <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Symbol;">Ñ <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> Phalanges <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Symbol;">Ñ <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> Calcaneus

11) //Describe the 3 types of joints. // <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Symbol;">Æ **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> Fibrous joint **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">: The bones in this type of joint are held together by fibrous connective tissue. Ex: A suture between bones of the skull. This type of joint is immovable and is termed a synarthrosis. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Symbol;">Æ **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> Cartilaginous joint **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">: The bones in this type of joint are connected by cartilage. Ex: The joint between the pubic bones of the pelvis and the joints between the bodies of the vertebrae. This type of joint is slightly movable and is termed an amphiarthrosis. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Symbol;">Æ **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> Synovial joint **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">: The bones in this type of joint have a potential space between them called the joint cavity. This type of joint is freely movable and is termed a diarthosis.

12) // Describe the structure of a synovial joint and give six examples of synovial joints. //

**Six** Examples: **1**. Gliding joint **4**. Condyloid joint **2**. Hinge joint **5**. Saddle joint **3**. Pivot joint **6.** Ball-and-socket joint

<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Structure & Function Ch7 Karen Neary The Muscular System Ms. Collins PNWHBOCES

1) //Define Key Terms on page 110. // <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">J **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Acetylcholine: **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Neurotransmitter; released at synapses within the nervous system and at the neuromuscular junction. <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">J **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Actin: **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">One of the two contractile proteins in muscle cells, the other being myosin. <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">J **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Antagonist: **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Muscle that has an action opposite that of a given movement; substance that opposes the action of another substance. <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">J **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Fascicle: **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Small bundle, as of muscle cells or nerve cell fibers. <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">J **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Glycogen: **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Compound built from glucose molecules that is stored for energy in liver and muscles. <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">J **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Insertion: **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Muscle attachment connected to a movable joint. <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">J **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Lactic Acid: **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Organic acid that accumulates in muscle cells functioning without oxygen. <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">J **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Motor Unit: **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Group consisting of a single neuron and all the muscle fibers it stimulates. <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">J **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Myoglobin: **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Compound that stores oxygen in muscle cells. <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">J **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Myosin: **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">One of the two contractile proteins in muscle cells, the other being actin. <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">J **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Neurotransmitter: **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Chemical released from the ending of an axon that enables a nerve impulse to cross a synapse. <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">J **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Origin: **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Source; beginning; muscle attachment connected to a nonmoving part. <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">J **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Oxygen Debt: **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Amount of oxygen needed to reverse the effects produced in muscles functioning without oxygen. <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">J **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Prime Mover: **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Muscle that performs a given movement; antagonist. <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">J **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Spasm: **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">A sudden, abnormal, involuntary muscular contraction, consisting of a continued muscular contraction or of a series of alternating muscular contractions and relaxations. <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">J **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Synapse: **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> Junction between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector. <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">J **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Synergist: **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">A substance or structure that enhances the work of another; a muscle that works with a prime mover to produce a given movement. <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">J **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Tendon: **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Cord of fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone. <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Goudy Old Style'; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: 'Goudy Old Style'; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">J **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Tonus: **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Partially contracted state of muscle; also, tone.

2) //Compare the 3 types of muscle tissue.// **Smooth** Muscle: Makes up the walls of the hallow body organs as well as those of blood vessels and respiratory passageways and is under involuntary control. Produces peristalsis; contracts and relaxes slowly; may sustain contraction. **Cardiac** Muscle: Makes up the wall of the heart and creates the pulsing action of that organ and is under involuntary control. Pumps blood out of the heart; self-excitatory but influenced by nervous system and hormones. **Skeletal** Muscle: Striated muscle that is usually attached to the skeleton and is usually under voluntary control. Produces movement ion joints; stimulated by nervous system; contracts and relaxes rapidly.

3) //Describe the 3 functions of skeletal muscle.// a. Movement of the skeleton. Muscles are attached to bones and contract to change in position of the bones at a joint. b. Maintenance of posture. A steady partial contraction of muscle, known as muscle tone., keeps the body in position. Some of the muscles involved in maintaining posture are the large muscles of the thighs, back neck, and shoulders as well as the abdominal muscles. c. Generation of heat. Muscles generate most of the heat needed to keep the body at 37 degrees C. Heat is a natural byproduct of muscle cell metabolism. When we are cold, muscles can boost their heat output by the rapid small contractions we know of as shivering.

4) //Briefly describe how skeletal muscle contract//. Muscles are normally arranged in opposition so that as one group of muscles contract, another group 'relaxes' (in fact simply stretched) or lengthens. Antagonism in the transmission of nerve impulses (epsp and ipsp lateral balance) to the muscles means that it is impossible to stimulate the contraction of two antagonistic muscles at any one time. During ballistic motions such as throwing, the antagonist muscles act to 'brake' the agonist muscles throughout the contraction, particularly at the end of the motion. In the example of throwing, the chest and front of the shoulder (anterior Deltoid) contract to pull the arm forward, while the muscles in the back and rear of the shoulder (posterior Deltoid) also contract and undergo eccentric contraction to slow the motion down to avoid injury.

5) //List the substance needed in muscle contraction and describe the function of each.// **Actin**: A protein found especially in microfilaments (as those comprising myofibrils) and active in muscular contraction. **Myosin**: The commonest protein in muscle cells, a globulin responsible for the elastic and contractile properties of muscle and combining with actin to form actomyosin. **ATP**: Adenosine triphosphate; an adenosine-derived nucleotide that supplies large amounts of energy to cells for various biochemical processes, including muscle contraction begin.
 * Calcium**: It enables the cross-bridges to form between actin and myosin so the sliding filament actin can

6) //Define the term oxygen debt. //Oxygen debt is the amount of oxygen needed to reverse the effects produced in muscles functioning without oxygen.

7) //Describe 3 compounds stored in muscle that are used to generate energy in highly active muscle cells. // **Myoglobin**: Stores additional oxygen. This compound is similar to the bloods hemoglobin but is located specifically in muscle cells. **Glycogen**: Stores additional glucose. It is a polysaccharide made of multiple glucose molecules and it can be broken down into glucose when needed by the muscle cells. **Creatine** **Phosphate**: Stores energy. It is a compound similar to ATP, in that it has a high energy bond that releases energy hen it is broken. This energy is used to make ATP for muscle contraction when the muscle cell has used up its ATP.

8) //Cite the effects of exercise on muscle.// **!@-** Increase in the number of capillaries in the muscle tissue, which brings more blood to the cells. **!@-** Increase in the number of mitochondria to increase the production of ATP. **!@-** Increase in reserves of myoglobin, glycogen, and creatine phosphate to promote endurance.

9) //Compare the working of muscles and bones to lever systems.// Prime mover: A movement is preformed by a muscle. Antagonist: The muscle that produces an opposite movement to that of the prime mover. Synergists: “Helping” muscles, because they work with the prime movers to accomplish a movent. Three classes of levers: 1. Fulcrum (F) 2. Effort (E)/force 3. Resistance (R)/weight or load. 10) // Name some of the major muscles in each muscle group and describe the function of each.// __Muscles of the Head & Neck__: Orbicularis oculi: Closes eye. Levator palpebrae superioris: Opens eye. Orbicularis oris: Closes lip. Buccinator: Flattens cheek; helps in eating, whistling, and blowing wind instruments. Temporalis: Closes jaw. Masseter: Closes jaw. Sternocleidomastoid: Flexes head; rotates head toward opposite side from muscle. __Muscles of the Upper Extremities:__ Tapezius: Raises shoulder and ppulls it back; extends head. Latissimus dorsi: Entends and adducts arm behind back. Pectoralis major: Flexes and adducts arm across chest; pulls shoulder forward and downward. Serratus anterior: Moves scapula forward; aids in raising arm, punching or reaching forward. Deltoid: Abducts arm. Biceps brachii: Flexes forearm at the elbow and supinates hand. Branchioradialis: Flexes forearm at the elbow. Triceps brachii: Extends forearm to straighten upper extremity. Flexor carpi groups: Flex hand. Extensor carpi groups: Extend hand. Flexor digitorum groups: Flex fingers. Extensor digitorum groups: Extend fingers.

__Muscles of the Trunk:__ Diaphram: Dome descends to enlarge thoracic cavity from top to bottom. Intercoastals: Elevate ribs and enlarge thoracic cavity. Muscles of abdominal wall: Compress abdominal cavity and expel substances from body; flex spinal External oblique: column. Internal oblique: Transverus abdominis: Rectus abdominis: Levator ani: Aids defecation. Erector spinae: Extends vertebral column to produce erect posture. __Muscles of the Lower Extremities:__ Gluteus maximus: Extends thigh. Gluteus medius: Abducts thigh. Iliopsoas: Flexes thigh. Adductor group: Adducts thigh. Sartorius: Felxes thigh and leg. Gracilis: Adducts thigh at hip; flexes leg at knee. Quadriceps Femoris: Extends leg. Rectus femoris Vastus medialis Vastus laterlis Vastus intermedius Hamstring group: Flexes leg. Biceps femoris Semimembranosus Semitendinosus Gastrocnemius: Plantar flexes foot at ankle. Soleus: Plantar flexes foot at ankle. Tibialis anterior: Dorsifelxes foot. Peroneus longus: Everts foot. Flexor digitorum groups: Flexes toes. Extensor digitorum groups: Extends toes.

<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; msospacerun: yes;"> <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Diversified Health Occupations Ch13 Karen Neary Infection Control Ms. Collins PNWHBOCES

1) //Identify the Principles of Infection Control. // <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">The knowledge of how disease is transmitted and the main way to prevent disease transmission. <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">

<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">2) //Describe the Chain of Infection. // <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Five parts of the Chain of Infection include: 1-causative agent 2-source or reservoir 3-portal of exit 4-portal of entry 5-susceptible <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">↓ <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">The chain eliminates mode of transmission spread of disease. <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> 3) //What are the classes of Micro organisms? // <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Bacteria, Protozoa, Rickettsiae, Viruses, Antisepsis, Disinfection and Sterilization. <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> 4) //Explain and give examples of the following: a. Aseptic Technique:// <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;"> Prevents or inhibits growth of pathogenic organism but they are not effective against spores and viruses. An example of this is Alcohol. //<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> b. Disinfectant: //<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;"> Destroys or kills pathogenic organisms. It is not effective against spores and viruses. An example of these is bleach solution. //<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> c. Sterilization //<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">: Destroys all microorganisms, both pathogenic and nonpathogenic, including spores and viruses. An example of this is autoclave. <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">

<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">5) //Describe Standard Precautions and when to use it. // <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Standard Precautions are developed by the center for disease control and prevention. Every body fluid must be considered a potentially infectious material, and all patients must be considered potential source of infection. You deal with the standard precaution when you are dealing with blood or any other fluid that contains blood, urine, vomit and more. <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> 6) //Describe Transmission Based Isolation Precautions: a. Airborne Precautions:// <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;"> Used for patients known or suspected to be borne droplet nuclei, small particles of evaporated droplets that contains microorganism and remain suspended in the air or in dust particles. Examples of diseases that require this isolation are chicken pox’s, tuberculosis and more. //<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">

b. Droplet Precautions: //<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;"> Used when patients are known or suspected to be infected with pathogens transmitted by large-particle droplets expelled during coughing, sneezing, talking, or laughing. Examples of this precaution are Haemophilus, influenza, meningitis. //<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> c. Contact Precautions: //<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;"> Used when patients are known or suspected to be infected with epidemiologically. It spread rapidly from person to person. Examples of these precautions are any gastrointestinal respiratory, skin or wound infections. <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">

<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">7) //Compare and contrast medical and surgical asepsis. Give examples. // <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Medical Asepsis and surgical asepsis both are way to help stop the way disease to spread. They also want to help maintain cleanness. They both use cleaning hands to help to stop the spread of diseases, they also wear gloves. They both use equipments that are cleaned after every time after using them, the environment that they will work in will be cleaned. Surgical Asepsis uses other ways to help the spread of diseases they have to wear special gown; there equipment that they use is in a sterile package and there is a special way to open the package. Last they wear a mask, thing that they wear around there head and booties to prevent the spread of diseases. Medical Asepsis uses gloves, mask, gown to help the spread of diseases but they don’t have to wear the thing around there head. But both Asepsis are uses as a way to help not to spread the diseases. <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> 8) //Infections and disease may be acquired in varying ways. a. Differentiate between the following and give examples: i. Nosocomial Infections or disease:// <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;"> One acquired by an individual in a health care facility such as in a hospital and a long term care facility. Examples of these infections are staphylococcus, pseudomonas, and enterococci. //<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> ii. Opportunistic Infections or disease: //<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;"> Those that occur when the body is weak. These diseases do not usually occur in individuals with intact immune systems. Examples of these infections are the development of Kaposi’s sarcoma, pneumocystis carinii. //<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> iii. Endogenous Infections or disease: //<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;"> Infection or diseases within the body. Examples of these infections are metabolic disorder, congenital abnormalities, tumors, and infections caused by microorganisms within the body. //<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> iv. Exogenous Infections or disease: //<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;"> The infection or diseases outside the body. Examples of these infections are pathogenic organisms that invade the body, radiation, and chemical agents. <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> 9) //What is the single most effective way to bread the chain of infection and why? // <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">The single most effective way to bread the chain if infection is eliminating a part of the chain the infection or diseases will stop. This is because the chain will be broken up. <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> 10) //Demonstrate proper hand washing technique. // <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Using soap to clean your hands, the water should be warm and when washing wash between your fingers clean your nails by putting your fingers against you palms, clean the top and back part of your hand, and clean your wrists. After you are done you should leave the water on and grab a towel dry your hands than take another towel don’t use the same towel and shut the water off. You should wash your hand for 15 to 20 seconds by ding that you can sing the happy birthday song 2 times. <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> 11) //Demonstrate proper wearing of PPE. // <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">When you are dealing with any infection or if you think it is infected. Also you wear them when you are dealing with any solid and liquid object that is part of the body. <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> 12) //Demonstrate applying sterile gloves. // <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Picking up the first glove by grasping the glove on the top edge of the folded down cuff. Then you hold the glove securely by the cuff and slip the opposite hand into the glove. After you slip the glove under the cuff of the second glove, you lift from the package. Hold the gloved hand under the cuff while inserting the other land into the glove, insert the gloved fingers under the cuff, and pull out slightly, and turn the cuffs over and up without touching the inside of the gloves or skin. Last interfaces the fingers to position the gloves correctly, taking care not to touch the skin with the gloved hands. <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">

<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Diversified Health Occupations Unit 7 Karen Neary Human Growth & Development Ms. Collins PNWHBOCES

1) //Define Key Terms.// of intellectual function, and speech and gait disturbance.   physical disease.  get rid of the food.  eat.  or drugs.  involving substitution of one goal for another goal to achieve success.  self-image.  someone else or circumstances.  behavior.  thoughts into the subconscious.   but refuses to deal with them.  removes self from situation. <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">2) //Identify the 7 main life stages and identify 2 physical, mental, emotional, and social developments.// 1. Infancy Physical: 1. By 2 months, they can usually roll from side to back. 2. By 6 to 7 months, infants can sit unsupported for several minutes. Mental: 1. By 6 months of age, infants understand some words and can make basic sounds. 2. By 12 months, infants understand many words and use many single words in their vocabularies. Emotional: 1.By 4 to 6 months of age, distress, anger, disgust, and fear can often be seen. 2. By 12 months of age, elation and affection for adults is evident. Social Developments: 1. By 6 months of age, infants watch the activities of others, show signs of possessiveness and may become shy or withdraw when in the presence of strangers. 2. By 12 months of age, infants may still be shy with strangers, but they socialize freely with familiar people, and mimic and imitate gestures, facial expressions, and vocal sounds.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Acceptance- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;"> The process of receiving or taking; approval; belief.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Adolescence- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Period of development from 12 to 20 years of ages; teenage years.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Alzheimer’s disease- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;"> Progressive, irreversible disease involving memory loss. Disorientation. Deterioration
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Anger- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;"> Feeling of displeasure or hostility; mad.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Anorexia nervosa- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Psychological disorder involving loss of appetite and excessive weight loss not causing by a
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Arteriosclerosis- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;"> Hardening and/or narrowing of the walls of arteries.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Bargaining- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Process of negotiating an agreement, sales, or exchange.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Bulimarexia- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Psychological condition in which person eats excessively and then uses laxatives or vomits to
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Bulimia- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Psychological condition in which person alternately eats excessively and then fasts or refuses to
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Chemical abuse- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Uses chemical substances without regards for accepted practice; dependence and alcohol
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Communication- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Process of transmitted from one individual to another.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Compensation- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;"> Something given or received as an equivalent for a loss, service, or debt; defense mechanism
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Cultural diversity- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Differences among individuals based on cultural, ethics, and racial factors.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Daydreaming- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Defense mechanism of escape; dreamlike musing while awake.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Defense mechanism- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;"> Physical or psychological reaction of an organism used in self-defense or to protect
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Denial- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Declaring untrue; refusing to behave.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Depression- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;"> Psychological condition of sadness, melancholy, gloom, or despair.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Displacement- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Defense mechanism in which feeling about one person are transferred to someone else.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Early adulthood- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;"> Period of development from 20 to 40 years of age.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Early childhood- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Period of development from 1 to 6 years of age.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Emotional- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Pertaining to feeling or psychological states.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Esteem- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Place a high value on; respect.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Hospice- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">To provide care for people who have less than 6 months to live.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Infancy- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Period of development from birth to 1 years of age
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Late adulthood- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Period of development beginning at 65 years of age and ending in death.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Late childhood- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Period of development beginning at 6 to 12 years of age.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Life stage- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Stages of growth and development experienced by an individual from birth to death.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Listening- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">To pay attention, making effort to hear.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Mental- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Pertaining to the mind.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Middle adulthood- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Period of development from age 40 to 65.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Motivated- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Stimulated into action; incentive to act.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Needs- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Lack of something required or desired; urgent want or desired.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Nonverbal- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Without using words.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Physical- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;"> Of or pertaining to the body
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Physiological needs- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Basic physical or biological needs required by every human being to sustain life.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Projection- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Defense mechanism in which an individual’s places the blame for his or her actions on
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Puberty- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Period of growth and development during which secondary sexual characteristics begin develop.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Rationalization- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Defense mechanism involving the use of reasonable or acceptable excuse as explanation for
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Repression- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Defense mechanism involving the transfer of painful or unacceptable ideas, feelings ,or
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Right to die- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">You can refuse treatment if you are terminally ill.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Safety- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">To protect both patient and worker.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Satisfaction- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Fulfillment or gratification of a desire or need.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Self-actualization- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Achieving one’s full potential.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Sexually- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">People feelings concerning their masculine/feminine nature.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Social- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;"> Pertaining or relationship with others
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Suicide- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Killing oneself.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Suppression- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Defense mechanism used by an individual who is aware of unacceptable feeling or thoughts
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Tension- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Uncomfortable inner sensation, discomfort, strain, or stress that affects the mind.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Terminal illness- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">An illness that result in death.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Verbal- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Using words.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Withdrawal- **<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Defense mechanism in which an individual either ceases to communicate or physically

2. Early childhood Physical: 1. By age 2 or 3, most teeth have erupted. 2. Between age 2 and 4 years of age, most children learn bladder and bowel control. Mental: 1. 4 year olds ask frequent questions and usually recognize letters and some words. 2. By age 6, children are very verbal and want to learn how to read and write. Emotional: 1. From ages 4 to 6, children begin to gain more control over their emotions. 2. By age 6, most children also show less anxiety when faced with new experiences, because they have learned they can deal with new situations. Social Developments: 1. Friends of their own age are usually important to 6 year olds. 2. They learn to trust other people and make more of an effort to please others by becoming more agreeable and social. 3. Late childhood Physical: 1. Most of the primary teeth are lost and permanent teeth erupt. 2. During ages 10 to 12, sexual maturation may begin in some children. Mental: 1. Children learn to use information to solve problems. 2. Children use more active thinking and become more adept at making judgments. Emotional: 1. At age 6, children are often frightened and uncertain as they begin school. 2. By ages 10 to 12, sexual maturation and changes in the body functions can lead to periods of depression followed by periods of joy. Social Developments: 1 Children from ages 8 to 10 tend to be more group oriented and they typically from groups with members of the same sex. 2. Needs of children in this age group include the same basic needs of infancy and early childhood. 4. Adolescence Physical: 1. Puberty occurs. 2. Secretion of sex hormones leads to the onset of menstruation in girls and the production of sperm in boys. Mental: 1. They lean to make decisions and to accept responsibility to their actions. 2. This causes conflict because they are treated as both children and adults. Emotional: 1. Teenagers feel more comfortable with who they are and turn attention toward what they may become. 2. They gain more control of their feelings and become more mature emotionally. Social Developments: 1. They attempt to seek security in groups of people of their own age who have similar problems or conflicts. 2. Eating disorders often develop from an excessive concern with appearance. 5. Early adulthood Physical: 1. Development is complete. 2. Sexual development is at its peak. Mental: 1. Education is furthered. 2. Some make deals with independences. Emotional: 1. They take responsibly for their actions. 2. They find satisfaction with their achievements. Social Developments: 1. Usually gets involved with a mate. 2. Young adults do not accept traditional sex roles. 6. Middle adulthood Physical: 1. Hair tends to gray and thin. 2. Skin begins to wrinkle and muscle tone tends to decrease. Mental: 1. A period when individuals have acquired an understanding of life. 2. They have learned to cope with many different stresses. Emotional: 1. Determined by past periods. 2. Emotional status varies in this age group. Social Developments: 1. Relationships become stronger. 2. Yet, divorce rates are higher in this age group. 7. Late adulthood Physical: 1. During this stage, physical development is on decline. 2. Bones become more brittle and porous and are more likely to fracture or break. Mental: 1. Mental abilities vary among individuals. 2. Alzheimer’s disease and arteriosclerosis can begin. Emotional: 1. Some become lonely, frustrated, withdrawn, and depressed. 2. Some cope well with stresses and area able to enjoy life. Social Developments: 1. Many elderly individuals engage in other activities and continue to make new social contracts. 2. Some limit their social relationships.

3) //Explain the causes and treatment for eating disorders and chemical abuse.// Eating disorders often develop from an excessive concern with appearance. Psychological or psychiatric help is usually needed to treat eating disorders. Chemical abuse is the use of substances such as alcohol and drugs. This can occur in any life stage. Peer pressure, and anxiety can trigger this. Treatment is directed toward total rehabilitation that allows the chemical abuser to return to a productive and meaningful life.

4) //Identify methods used to prevent suicide and list common warning signs.// Support, understanding, and psychological or psychiatric counseling are used to prevent suicide. Warning signs: -sudden changes in appetite and sleep habits -withdrawal, depression, and moodiness -excessive fatigue or agitation -alcohol or drug abuse -injuring ones body -giving away possessions -saying goodbye to family and friends

5) //Describe the 5 stages of grieving that occur in the dying patient and the role of the health care worker during each stage.// 1. Denial is the “No, not me!” stage, which usually occurs when a person is first told of a terminal illness. The health care worker should listen to a patient and try to provide support without confirming or denying. 2. Anger occurs when the patient is no longer able to deny death. The health care worker should understand that this is anger and not a personal attack. 3. Bargaining occurs when patients accept death but want more time to live. The health care worker must again be supportive and be good listeners. 4. Depression occurs when patients realize that death will come soon and they will no longer be with their families or be able to complete their goals. The health care worker should provide a quiet understanding, support, and/or a simple touch. 5. Acceptance is the final stage. The health care worker must provide emotional support.

6) //List 2 purposes of hospice care and justify the “right to die”.// Hospice care offers palliative care and provides care to the families who lost a loved one. The right to die is another issue that health care workers must understand. Those who have a terminal illness, with no hope to be cured, should be allowed to refuse measures that would prolong life.

7) //Explain Maslow’s’ Hierarchy of Needs// Obtian full potential, confident, self secure. self respect, has approval of others feel sense of belonging, can give and receive friendship and love free from fear and anxiety, feel secure in the environment food, water, oxygen, elimination of waste, protection from temperature extremes, sleep.
 * Self-Actualization**
 * Esteem**
 * Love and affection**
 * Safety and security**
 * Physiological needs**

8) //Describe a situation that shows the use of each of the following defense mechanism:// <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">v //<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Rationalism: //<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> A patient who fears having laboratory tests preformed may tell the health worker, “I can’t take time off from my job”, rather than admit fear. <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">v  //<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Projection: //<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">“The teacher failed me because she doesn’t like me.” <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">v //<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Displacement: //<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">“The man who is mad at his boss. When the man gets home, he yells at his wife or children. <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">v //<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Compensation: //<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';"> Joan wanted to be a doctor, but she did not have enough money for a medical education. So she changed her educational plans and became a physician’s assistant. <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">v //<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Daydreaming: //<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">If a person dreams about becoming a dental hygienist and takes courses and works towards this goal. <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">v //<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Repression: //<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">A person is terrified of heights but does not know why. <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">v //<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Suppression: //<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">A woman ignores a lump in her breast and refuses to go to a doctor. <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">v //<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Denial: //<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">A patient will say the doctor is wrong and will seek another opinion. <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">v //<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Withdrawal: //<span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">A person who refuses to communicate. <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif'; msospacerun: yes;"> <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">9) // Identify 4 factors that interfere with communication.// 1. The message must be clear. 2. The sender must deliver the message in a clear and concise manner. 3. The receiver must be able to hear and receive the message. 4. The receiver must be able to understand the message.

10) //Explain the importance of listening, nonverbal behavior, reporting and recording in the communication process.// Listening means paying attention to and making an effort to hear what the other person is saying. Nonverbal communication involves the use of facial expressions, body language, gestures, eye contact, and touch to convey messages or ideas. Reporting and recording in the communication process uses the senses: Sense of sight, smell, tough, hearing. Two types of observation: Subjective and objective observations. <span style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style','serif';">Diversified Health Occupations Unit 12 Karen Neary Promotion of Safety Ms. Collins PNWHBOCES

1) //Define the terms “Body Mechanics” and “Ergonomics”. //Body mechanisms refer to the way in which the body moves and maintains balance while making the most efficient use of all its parts. Ergonomics is an applied sciences used to promote the safety and well-being of a person by adapting the environment and using techniques to prevent injuries.

2) //Explain the role of OSHA.// The division of the Department of Labor that sets and enforces occupational health and safety rules.

3) //Explain what the “Occupational Exposure of Hazardous Chemical Standard” is.// It requires that employers inform employees of all chemicals and hazards in the workplace.

4)// Explain what the “Material Safety Data Sheets” are.// Information that includes: -Product identification information about the chemical. -Protection or precautions that should be used while handling the chemical. -Instructions for the safe use of the chemical. -Procedures for handling spills, clean-ups, and disposal of the product. -Emergency first aid procedures to use if injury occurs.

5) //Explain what the “Blood born Pathogen Standard” is.// The standard has mandates to protect health care providers from diseases caused by exposure to body fluids.

6) //List the 4 main classes of fire extinguishers.// Class A: this extinguisher contains pressurized water. Class B: This extinguisher contains carbon dioxide. Class C: This extinguisher is a dry-chemical type. Class ABC: This extinguisher contains a graphite-type chemical.

7) //Lisa the 7 ways you can promote Patient/Resident Safety.// 1. Do not perform any procedure on patients unless you have been instructed to do so. 2. Provide privacy for all patients. 3. Always identify your patient. 4. Always explain the procedure so the patient knows what you’re going to do. 5. Observe the patient closely during any procedure. 6. Frequently check the patient area, waiting room, office rooms, bed areas, or home environment for safety hazards. 7. Before leaving a patient/resident in a bed, observe all safety checkpoints.